轉(zhuǎn)基因植物研究農(nóng)桿菌轉(zhuǎn)化法(Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation):
根癌農(nóng)桿菌感受態(tài)細(xì)胞(EHA101,EHA105,LBA4404,GV3101,AGL1)
發(fā)根農(nóng)桿菌感受態(tài)細(xì)胞(MSU440,C58C1,K599,Ar A4,Ar.Qual,Ar 1193)
搜索關(guān)鍵詞:
根癌農(nóng)桿菌(A. tumefaciens);發(fā)根農(nóng)桿菌(A. rhizogenes);GV3101;MSU440;Rifampicin (Rif) 利福平;乙酰丁香酮;1/2 MS Medium; 農(nóng)桿菌介導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)化;
基本概念:
農(nóng)桿菌(Agrobacterium)是普遍存在于土壤中的一種革蘭氏陰性菌,常見的有兩種:根癌農(nóng)桿菌(A. tumefaciens)和發(fā)根農(nóng)桿菌(A. rhizogenes)。根癌農(nóng)桿菌能在自然條件下趨化性的感染大多數(shù)雙子葉植物或裸子植物的受傷部位,誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生冠癭瘤。誘發(fā)冠癭瘤的原因在于根癌農(nóng)桿菌Ti質(zhì)粒上的T-DNA含8個左右的基因能在植物細(xì)胞內(nèi)表達,指導(dǎo)合成一種非常特殊的化合物冠癭堿,進而引發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)化細(xì)胞癌變;而發(fā)根農(nóng)桿菌能誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生發(fā)狀根,特征在于大量增生高度分支的根系。根癌農(nóng)桿菌Ti質(zhì)粒(150~200kb)和發(fā)根農(nóng)桿菌Ri質(zhì)粒(200~800kb)上的一段T-DNA,當(dāng)農(nóng)桿菌通過侵染植物傷口進入細(xì)胞后,Ti質(zhì)粒或Ri質(zhì)粒上的T-DNA區(qū)脫離質(zhì)粒而整合到植物基因組。
正因如此,農(nóng)桿菌是一種天然的植物遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化體系,能通過將目的基因插入到經(jīng)過改造的T-DNA區(qū),借助農(nóng)桿菌的感染實現(xiàn)外源基因向植物細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移和整合,并通過細(xì)胞和組織培養(yǎng)技術(shù),得到轉(zhuǎn)基因植物。這就是農(nóng)桿菌介導(dǎo)的遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化(Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation)。目前,此方法不僅在實驗室中普通用于雙子葉植物的感染,還成功用在非農(nóng)桿菌寄主生物,比如真菌,單子葉植物,裸子植物甚至動物細(xì)胞等的轉(zhuǎn)化。目前得到普遍應(yīng)用,特別是植物的轉(zhuǎn)基因工程研究。
操作流程(農(nóng)桿菌轉(zhuǎn)化法):
農(nóng)桿菌介導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)化(Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation)涉及多個步驟:1)從起始物種中分離感興趣基因;2)建立功能性的轉(zhuǎn)基因構(gòu)建子包括感興趣基因、驅(qū)動表達的啟動子、密碼子修飾(若是需要以提高成功的蛋白表達)、篩選基因(便于篩查出成功轉(zhuǎn)入目的基因的宿主植物);3)將轉(zhuǎn)基因插入到Ti質(zhì)粒上;4)將含T-DNA的質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)化進入農(nóng)桿菌;5)將轉(zhuǎn)化后的農(nóng)桿菌與植物細(xì)胞混合,從而允許T-DNA整合進入植物染色體;6)遺傳工程成功改造的植物體再生;7)在實驗室、溫室和大田水平來測試轉(zhuǎn)基因表達效果。見圖1,根癌農(nóng)桿菌介導(dǎo)的植物轉(zhuǎn)化示意圖。
植物轉(zhuǎn)化用T-DNA雙元載體(質(zhì)粒):
雙元載體系統(tǒng)(Binary-vector system)是植物基因工程常用的載體系統(tǒng)。
雙元載體系統(tǒng)包含兩個不同的質(zhì)粒:一種是野生宿主源的小復(fù)制子(wide-host-range small replicon),含有一復(fù)制起始點(ori),能夠讓質(zhì)粒在包括大腸桿菌和農(nóng)桿菌在內(nèi)的細(xì)菌內(nèi)維持生長,這類質(zhì)粒通常含有a)替換T-DNA的外源DNA;b)T-DNA左右邊界序列(或至少含T-DNA右邊界);c)同時維持和篩選大腸桿菌和農(nóng)桿菌的標(biāo)志基因;d)植物生長的篩選標(biāo)志基因;一種是輔助型Ti質(zhì)粒(helper Ti plasmid),缺乏完整的T-DNA區(qū)域,但是含有完整的vir區(qū),能夠激活T-DNA的轉(zhuǎn)移。
表1、常用的農(nóng)桿菌T-DNA雙元載體
載體系列 | 載體ori/inc | 重要特征a | 細(xì)菌篩選基因b | 植物篩選基因c |
pBIN | IncPα | mcs with blue/white selection | Kan | Kan |
pGA | IncPα | cos site ColE1 ori | Kan | Kan |
SEV | IncPα | Reconstitutes a missing T-DNA border; not a binary vector | Kan | Kan/Nos |
pEND4K | IncPα | cos site, mcs with blue/white selection | Kan/Tet | Kan |
pBI | IncPα | PromoterlessgusAgene for promoter studies | Kan | Kan |
pCIB10 | IncPα | Chimeric antibiotic-resistance gene | Kan | Chimeric Kan/Hyg |
pMRK63 | pRi | pRi-based vector (borders from pRi) | Amp/Kan | Kan |
pGPTV | IncPα | PromoterlessgusAgene for promoter studies | Kan | Kan/Hyg/Bar/Bleo/Dhfr |
pCGN1547 | pRi + ColE1 | ColE1 ori for high copy no. inE. colimcs with blue/white selection | Gent | Kan |
pART | IncPα+ ColE1 | ColE1 ori for high copy no. inE. colipromoter/polyA expression cassette | Spec | Kan |
pGKB5 | pRiA4 | PromoterlessgusAgene for promoter studies | Kan | Kan/Bar |
pMJD80 pMJD81 | IncPα | Ω, untranslated leader | Kan | Kan |
pPZP | pVS1 | Small, stable, mcs with blue/white selection | Spec/Chl | Kan/Gent |
pBINPLUS | IncPα | Selectable marker near LB ColE1 ori | Kan | Kan |
pRT100 pRT-Ω/Not/Asc | IncPα | Rare-cutting sites (NotI,AscI) | Kan | Kan/Hyg/Bar/Dhfr |
BIBAC | pRi | T-DNA binary vector designed to transfer large DNA fragments | Kan | Hyg |
pCB series | IncPα | Mini binary vectors small backbone, not self-mobilizable | Kan | Bar |
pGreen | IncW | ColE1 ori mcs with blue/white selection | Kan | Kan/Hyg/Sul/Bar |
pPZP-RCS2 | pVS1 | Multiple rare-cutting sites for cassette insertion. Uses pPZP200 as backbone | Spec | Kan/Gent |
GATEWAY destination vector | pVS1 | ColE1 ori. Uses pPZP200 as backbone | Spec | Kan/Hyg/Bar |
pMDC | pVS1 | Based on pCAMBIA (except pMDC7, from PER8). Facilitates protein tagging | Kan; Spec for pMDC7 | Kan/Hyg/Bar |
pRCS2 | pVS1 | Contains rare-cutting sites | Spec | Kan/Hyg/Bar |
pRCS2-ocs | pVS1 | Cloning of multiple genes | Spec | Kan/Hyg/Bar |
pEarleyGate | pVS1 | Based on pCAMBIA. Facilitates protein tagging | Kan | Bar |
pGWTAC pMDC99 | pRiA4 | Multi-Round Gateway for cloning multiple genes | Kan | Hyg |
pORE | IncPα | Based on pCB301 ColE1 ori FRT sites. PromoterlessgusAorgfpgene for promoter studies | Kan | Kan/Pat |
pSITE | pVS1 | Fluorescence protein fusion. Based on pRCS2 | Spec | Kan |
pMSP | IncPα | Super-promoter to drive expression of goi | Kan | Kan/Hyg/Bar |
pCAMBIA | pVS1 | Multiple vectors for cloning, expression, and tagging | Kan/Chl | Kan/Hyg/Bar |
pGD | PVS1 | Derived from pCAMBIA1301. Multiple vectors for tagging proteins with DsRed2 or GFP | Kan | Hyg |
acos, Bacteriophageλcohesive ends; mcs, multiple cloning site; ori, vegetative origin of replication; Ω, tobacco mosaic virus translational enhancer. bAmp, Ampicillin; Bar, resistance to phosphinothricin; Bleo, bleomycin; Chl, chloramphenicol; Dhfr, dihydrofolate reductase; Gent, gentamicin; Hyg, hygromycin; Kan, kanamycin, Nos, nopaline synthase; Pat, resistance to phosphinothricin; Spec, spectinomycin; Sul, sulfonylurea; Tet, tetracycline. Reference:Lee LY et al. T-DNA binary vectors and systems. Plant Physiol. 2008 Feb;146(2):325-32. |
植物轉(zhuǎn)化用農(nóng)桿菌菌株類型:
植物雙元載體轉(zhuǎn)化用的農(nóng)桿菌菌株有很多,如何選擇合適的農(nóng)桿菌,不僅要考慮到轉(zhuǎn)化的農(nóng)作物以及農(nóng)作物自身品系,還要考慮到搭配所用的雙元載體以及轉(zhuǎn)化方法等。具體實驗還是需多參閱文獻和實驗室自身工作經(jīng)驗,來選擇適當(dāng)?shù)霓r(nóng)桿菌菌株。以下列出幾款常用的農(nóng)桿菌菌株應(yīng)用范疇。
表2、常用根癌農(nóng)桿菌感受態(tài)細(xì)胞的應(yīng)用范疇
農(nóng)桿菌種類 | 轉(zhuǎn)化方法 | 對應(yīng)貨號 | 應(yīng)用范疇 |
EHA101 | 化轉(zhuǎn)/電轉(zhuǎn) | MF2301/MF2306 | 適用于玉米、水稻、煙草等植物的轉(zhuǎn)基因操作 |
EHA105 | 化轉(zhuǎn)/電轉(zhuǎn) | MF2302/MF2307 | 適用于水稻、煙草等植物的轉(zhuǎn)基因操作 |
LBA4404 | 化轉(zhuǎn)/電轉(zhuǎn) | MF2303/MF2308 | 適用于菸草、番茄、煙草等植物的轉(zhuǎn)基因操作 |
GV3101 | 化轉(zhuǎn)/電轉(zhuǎn) | MF2304/MF2309 | 適用于擬南芥、煙草、玉米、土豆等植物轉(zhuǎn)基因操作 |
AGL1 | 化轉(zhuǎn)/電轉(zhuǎn) | MF2305/MF2310 | 適用于水稻、擬南芥、楊樹等植物的轉(zhuǎn)基因操作 |
表3、常用發(fā)根農(nóng)桿菌感受態(tài)細(xì)胞的應(yīng)用范疇
農(nóng)桿菌種類 | 轉(zhuǎn)化方法 | 對應(yīng)貨號 | 應(yīng)用范疇 |
MSU440 | 化轉(zhuǎn)/電轉(zhuǎn) | MF2451/MF2452 | 適用于玉米、煙草、茶樹、青蒿等植物的轉(zhuǎn)基因操作 |
C58C1 | 化轉(zhuǎn)/電轉(zhuǎn) | MF2453/MF2454 | 適合廣泛的宿主范疇(薔薇科,夾竹桃科,豆科,茄科,黃芩,煙草等植物) |
K599 | 化轉(zhuǎn)/電轉(zhuǎn) | MF2455/MF2456 | 含pRi2659農(nóng)桿堿型Ri質(zhì)粒,適合廣泛的宿主范疇(葫蘆科,豆科,茄科等植物) |
Ar A4 | 化轉(zhuǎn)/電轉(zhuǎn) | MF2457/MF2458 | 適用于煙草、玉米、胡蘿卜、甘草等植物轉(zhuǎn)基因操作 |
Ar Qual | 化轉(zhuǎn)/電轉(zhuǎn) | MF2459/MF2460 | 適用于玉米、煙草、番茄、桿菌等植物的轉(zhuǎn)基因操作 |
Ar 1193 | 化轉(zhuǎn)/電轉(zhuǎn) | MF2461/MF2462 | 含pRi1193農(nóng)桿堿型Ri質(zhì)粒,特別適合豆科,茄科植物的轉(zhuǎn)基因操作 |